Part I
Part II
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Atoms as flat, fractal loops
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The dynamics of hurricanes is fairly well understood and sheds light on galaxy formation:
Plumes of air warmed by the ground or sea rise and are spun into vortices by the Coriolis effect (result of earth's rotation).
So for the comparison to hold up, galaxies and other spirals in space must have at least two features in common with hurricanes:
Evidence for both is presented here, with the further observation that galaxies share with their terrestrial counterparts, a tendency to shed portions of themselves, including spiral arms. The formation of clusters and chains at all size levels can thus be explained by analogy.